Venezuela continues to struggle with the fallout from ongoing economic and political crises, making it a challenging jurisdiction for brand protection and enforcement. The Venezuelan Intellectual Property Office lacks resources and specialists; while the requirement for physical cash payments – or Petro cryptocurrency payments – is discouraging inbound applications. Many of the country’s IP experts now work out of other jurisdictions, but haven’t let their service standards slip. The best are highlighted in this year’s expanded coverage of the IP legal services market.